Neutral density filters have four main uses:

• They allow for the use of slow shutter speeds, especially with fast film, to capture motion in subjects like waterfalls, clouds, or cars.
• They reduce depth of field by allowing for the use of wider apertures, which helps in isolating subjects from their background.
• They lower the effective ISO of high-speed film (above ISO 400) and allow its use outdoors in bright conditions.
• They enable film and video cameras (which have fixed shutter speeds) to capture subjects like snow, sand, or other bright scenes that could cause overexposure.

Neutral density factors:

• 2x = ND.3 (exposure adjustment = 1 stop, reduces ISO by 1/2)
• 4x = ND.6 (exposure adjustment = 2 stops, reduces ISO by 1/4)
• 8x = ND.9 (exposure adjustment = 3 stops, reduces ISO by 1/8)